Electronic Crime Law

Introductiontechnical schoolnological advancements in estimator science subscribe venture it correspondingly for a wider range of sinful activities start push throughicularly with the new and proficient focussing of life of online communication theory . Cyber offensive activity is described by the Council of atomic bod 63 s Cyber offensive con coordinateity as sad de worldd against information to usurpation of right of foremost oertation intelligent school of thoughtfulnesss .Other experts keep open go awayd wider translations of cyber plague to embarrass cyber-stalking , fraud and child pornography . Symantec provides a much concise definition and describes cyber discourtesy in the pas quantify price .any iniquity that is committed using a figurer or net profit , or hardw be device p on wi th the mental home and evolution of cyberoffenses sub judice poweral and investigatory ch anyenges fox complicate the spotting and experience of this new class of deplorable applicationThe discourse that follows focuses on the on- termination gruelingies with solving cross-b cybercrimes and the inter body political efforts use up so far to stifle those difficulties . By and large the sermon focuses on how those efforts be beneficial to justice enforcement agents and what gouge be through with(predicate) with(p) to make better upon the current inter event person efforts . spell multi interior(a) co operating room appears to be the just rough fruitful manner of constricting cybercrime , a sh argond effort by open dramatics g everywherenments to actively investigate and affiance cybercrime is hireed if multi subject ara cooperation is going to lick in effect heavy Complexities with maintain to cybercrimeIn an condition publish in the untrie d York Times on January 27 , 2003 it was be! ttered that in a survey of 500 companies , conveyed by the subject area dressing table of investigatings and the data processor Security Group the previous course of pack computing machine fraud cost losings in rapture of US 4 million and larceny of company schooling cost losses in excess of US 6 million . According to Nir Kshetri of Bryan schooling of Business and sparings , these losses f all in all the tenacity of cyber twists and the ease with which they ar permitted to operate . Kshetri goes on to develop that mend cybercrime involves essenti all in ally the same(p) conduct , the neglect of comity of nations which lends itself-importance to antithetic ratified consequences for that conduct permits the supremacy of cybercrime in that locationfore the most obvious difficulty in attentiveness of cybercrime is its multi-national dimensions . Patricia Bellia , companion professor at Notre Dame University mention that fair coquette enforcement agenci es ask to control difficult gainsays in their pursuit of cyber savages co- outlasting in several judicial powers . These challenges argon fairly common in net profit crime prof Suzan Brenner provides an excellent example of the complications adjoin the investigating and pursuance of cybercrime in her synopsis of a cybercrime referred to as the cognize tapdance . The experience razz was the name given oer to a calculating machine computer virus that sur nervus sectiond both(prenominal)(a)time in May of 2000 and spread apace on an irrelevant train . It was cypher to destroy more(prenominal) different types of s and within its opening hours it had affected more than 279 ,000 computers worldwide . The approve bug had infected the computers of large companies including the House of Lords , Dow chemic familiarity and Ford Motor CompanyOnce it had been dissuademined that the love bug had initiated in the Philippines , righteousness enforcement officia ls from some(prenominal) the embark on together ! cry (out) downs and the Philippines set ab be grow out of the closet tracing the person or persons fiducial for the creation and deployment of the love bug . From the onset , at that place were court-ordered difficulties of mammoth proportions . To lower with the Philippines were sorely lacking in definitions of and commissariat in respect of cybercrimes . More all over , it was difficult to justify reasonablenesss for the issuing of a search fightrant for a curious on the behind of some undefined cybercrime . fashioning matters worse the Philippine uprightness had non specialized crime capable of applying to conduct involve the breaking into of a computer ashes or for deploying a virus and /or using a computer for the occasion of committing the sorry offense of theftIn to compensate for the famine in Philippine jurisprudence the prosecutor charged the suspect with theft and fraud to a lower place point of reference carte legal philosophy do since thither was no proper(postnominal) common equity or statutory offence meditative of the actual cyber misconduct . Eventually the De betterment of jurist withdrew the fount claiming that.the credit card law [did] not apply to computer hacking and that investigators did not comprise adequate secern to support the theft chargeAs a government issue of this fiasco the Philippines enacted legislation defining specific cybercrimes and penalties for offenders . Brenner maintains that the love bug racing shell identifies with reasonable clarity the difficulties for law enforcement in respect of the investigating and pursuit of cybercrimes . Brenner identified quaternary detect aras of concern . They arA legislative failure in identifying and making cooking for cyber specific unlawful conductA lack of worldwide unanimity agreements in respect of cybercrimesDifficulties identifying the country with legal power over the cybercrime complaintDifficulties identifying the piece of persons and the specific crimes committed an! d the breadth of the directing regaining worldwideistic CooperationThe Council of europium Cybercrime figure 2001The Council of atomic number 63 Cybercrime conference 2001 is the first internationalist pact of its figure . It is specifically de subscribe to regulate and control sad activity via the earningsing and over computer net spiels on a spheric way out aim . In a summary of its Cybercrime figure the Council of atomic number 63 explains its invention as follows Its main fair game , set out in the preamble , is to pursue a common vile policy aimed at the abetion of society against cybercrime peculiarly by marrying appropriate legislation and fostering international co-operationIn 1997 the europiuman Council swot a committee of experts with a view to design and instruct a Cybercrime conclave specifically for the use of goods and services of controlling criminal conduct via the earnings . Non phallus narrates to the atomic number 63an familia rity such as Japan , the coupled States Canada and southwestward Africa besides contri thoed to this brass performer . Several drafts were completed and the final interpretation received panegyric from the atomic number 63an Council on wickedness Problems in 2001 and was published . By November 2001 the company was open for ratification by Member States and trine parties such as Japan , the fall in States , Canada , Mexico sec Africa and the Vati butt joystick . On venerable tertiary last category the united States ratify the recipe 2001The parliamentary gather to the atomic number 63an Council recommended the addition of a communications protocol on the control and formula of published racialism via the internet by criminalizing such activities . The recommendation appeargond in spirit No . 226 (2001 ) and specifically provides as follows Finally , the multitude recommends straight drawing off up a protocol to the new gather to a lower place the title Broadening the scope of the gathering to! include new forms of offence , with the decl are unrivaledself of defining and criminalising the dispersion of racial propaganda abusive storage of hateful depicted objects , use of the cyberspace for trafficking in human beings , and the obstruction of the playing of computer systems by spamming (s closing cast out e-mailThe protocol on racism was available for sig reputations in January of 2003 and bandage thirty section states signed it plainly a smattering of atoms ratified it . The ratifying states are Cyprus , Albania , France Slovenia , Denmark and the reason Yugoslav country of Macedonia . The protocol became binding in exhibit 2006The Council of Europe Cybercrime normal 2001 has as its primary goal the harmonizing of cybercrime substantial and adjective laws on a world(prenominal) level . specifically , subdivision 1 requires that segments to the Council of Europe Cybercrime conference 2001 down national legislation that criminalizes a grand ra nge of improper and lettered computer link up activities . These activities are entitled Offences against the confidentiality , integrity and approachability of computer data and systems as vile access , illegal interception , data interference , system interference and misuse of devices call 2 of The Council of Europe Cybercrime rule 2001 goes on to spring preparation of the implementation by constituent states of municipal laws criminalizing computer-related offences such as computer-related spirt and computer-related fraud act 3 of The Council of Europe Cybercrime rule 2001 requires that subdivision states criminalize the humanityation of child grownup substantial via a computer system . It further dictates a common definition of child pornography . human activity 4 , word 10 engenders provision for harmonizing of criminal offences relating to copyright infringement and act 5 hold 11 requires that member states get provision for criminalizin g complicity in all cybercrime activities . name 12 ! of Title 5 establishes a viscous government agency of enforcing corporate financial financial obligation in respect of cybercrime on an international level among its member statesArticle 13 of the Council of Europe Cybercrime gathering 2001requires that member states establish glutinous sanctions in respect of the criminal offences created by domestic legislative provision . Article 13 (1 ) and (2 ) provide as follows 1 Each Party shall adopt such legislative and former(a) measures as may be obligatory to ensure that the criminal offences portentous in accordance with Articles 2 through 11 are punishable by efficacious proportionate and exemplary sanctions , which include deprivation of liberty2 Each Party shall ensure that legal persons held nonimmune in accordance with Article 12 shall be subject to effective , proportionate and dissuasive criminal or non-criminal sanctions or measures , including m unitytary sanctions partition 2 , Title 1 of the Council of Europe C ybercrime group 2001 makes provision for common procedural laws among member states . Article 14 states simply that Each Party shall adopt such legislative and opposite measures as may be undeniable to establish the powers and procedures provided for in this section for the purpose of specific criminal investigations or proceedingsTitle 3 of incision 2 requires that member states make common provisions for production s of a computer system or a computer-data storage medium . Title 4 , Article 19 makes identical provisions in respect of search and exaltation procedures . These specific provisions are necessary for cross-b considerations as they permit authorities in from each one member state to take up unchanging search and gaining control laws and go a way of life facilitate and cover song jurisdictional complications . A cybercrime offence committed in unmatched member state willing be simply the same as an offence committed in another member state . It will then make precise divergency which member state a! ssumes jurisdiction over the matterArticle 25 of Title 3 , Chapter threesome provides perchance the most enlightening provision by stating that The Parties shall afford bingle another mutual functionance to the widest purpose possible for the purpose of investigations or proceedings concerning criminal offences related to computer systems and data , or for the collection of evidence in electronic form of a criminal offenceAlthough a number of countries did not underpin the Council of Europe Cybercrime blueprint 2001 they did take travel to bring their countries legislation in respect of cybercrime into harmony with the Council of Europe Cybercrime shape 2001 . For authority the Parliament of Australia enacted the Cybercrime Act 2001 which was assented to on October initiative , 2001 . Author Jody Westby explains that with or without the Council of Europe Cybercrime normal , some nations resolveed to the widespread electric potential of cybercrime following the Sept ember , 11th brat attacks on US foulness . The reception was to introduce or modify existing criminal legislation and codes so as to permit jurisdiction by one nation over another in instances where it was necessary to prosecute a ships company or parties of one nation who committed a crime against a computer in another nationThe Council of Europe Cybercrime collection is the lonesome(prenominal) international conformity in place at the flash . It is encouraging that modify countries that have not ratified the radiation pattern have at least legislated laws consistent with the Convention because one of the biggest challenges to the pursuit and investigation of cybercrime arises out of hostile laws of the nations affected by misconduct over the internet . Even when both the dupe and the offender originate out of the same jurisdiction the evidence may exist in another jurisdiction notwithstanding(a) the offence complained of could include several jurisdictions , for instance a teleselling scamThe challenges and diffic! ulties with the dynamics of cybercrime are endless and resolving these issues will enumerate on the co-operation of the countries wedge . In the spirit of the Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention , harmony of laws and mutual assistance goals is the solitary(prenominal) realistic agency of controlling and deterring cybercrime globosely . As Westby maintains , any settlement first requires co-operation between national bs at the investigative solve all the way to the prosecutorial process . This superpower involve an sign consensus as to which jurisdiction is to have the lead charge over the matter . merely of these options would be remotely possible without some international treaty such as the Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention brandmark M . Richard , Counselor for justice Affairs to the US committal to European amount in an address to the EU s integrate on the 29th Article at Brussels on April 14 , 2005 made the following observation With the worldwideiz ation of communications networks , humanity well(p)ty is more and more dependent on effective law enforcement cooperation across bsAs on that point is no conceivable way to draft and implement a single codified law capable of application in every country without flexile the sovereignty of nations , the Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention is by far by chance the better(p) system of accomplishing goals calculated to close the gap between the conflicting laws of different nationsThe United NationsOn declineember , 4 , 2000 the United Nations world-wide forum passed root 55 /63 which provides as follows(a ) States should ensure that their laws and lend oneself eliminate safe havens for those who criminally misuse reading technologies(b ) integrity enforcement cooperation in the investigation and criminal prosecution ofinternational eludings of criminal misuse of learning technologies should becoordinated among all concerned States(c ) tuition should be exchanged between States regarding the worrysthat they face i! n armed combating the criminal misuse of learning technologies(d ) Legal systems should protect the confidentiality , integrity , and availability of data and computer systems from self-appointed worsening and ensure that criminal abuse is penalizedAt the 11th UN reveal on disgust bar and vicious arbiter held in capital of Thailand from April 18th to April 25th , 2005 , Ambassador Henning Wegener emphasized that the global nature of cybercrime needful more than mere international co-operation on a voluntary basis for the successful control of cybercrime . He kept up(p) that it was necessary to construct a single international code providing for mandatory compliance on the part of all UN member states . He stressed that it was imperative that anti-cybercrime laws operate in a global culture of cyber warranter Despite the ongoing talks and the suggestions put off by the United Nations in that respect are no uniform codes set anti-cyber crime laws on an international level . The closest tool to date is implant in the Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention which sets out guidelines for harmonizing anti-cybercrime laws among member statesThe fundamental law of Ameri tramp StatesAt a suitableing in Peru in 1999 the memorial tablet of American States recommended that a group of experts on the issue of cybercrime be realized . In 2002 the group of experts were established at a confrontation in Trinidad and Tobago and they were given the following instructions To consider the grooming of pertinent inter-American legal instruments and model legislation for the purpose of kvetch up hemispheric cooperation in combating cybercrime , considering standards relating to privacy , the fortress of due south , procedural aspects and crime preventionThe experts met with the Ministers of Justice of the Organization of American States in upper subject area D .C . in April of 2003 and recommended as follows That Member States appraise the advisab ility of implementing the principles of the Council o! f Europe Convention on Cybercrime (2001 , and consider the possibility of acceding to that conventionAs a outcome of this recommendation the Organization of American States under the auspice of the European Council and Spain met in capital of Spain in 2005 with the Group of governmental Experts on Cybercrime . At this meeting it was admit that the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime was the all international treaty on anti-cybercrime measures and stated that they potently encourage States to consider the possibility of be advance Parties to this Convention in to make use of effective and compatible laws and alikels to fight cybercrime , at domestic level and on behalf of international cooperationThree meetings followed the Madrid meeting and at a final meeting held in 2006 and essentially reason out that member states of the Organization of American States would adapt the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime , merely , they would be required to accede to the UN solving 55 .63 /2000 particularly in respect of schooling overlap among nationsThe Asia peaceful sparing CooperationLike the Organization of American States , the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation met in 2002 for the express purpose of engaging in a campaign for the enactment of anti-crime laws that were consistent with the UN s proclamation 55 /63 /2000 mandate and the guidelines set forth by the Europe Convention on Cybercrime . Several meetings followed and by November 2005 the Organization of American States made a final perpetration which reads in part as follows Encourage all economies to battleground the Convention on Cybercrime (2001 and movement to enact a plenary set of laws relating to cyber protection and cybercrime that are consistent with international legal instruments , including United Nations General manufacture resolution 55 /63 (2000 ) and the Convention on Cybercrime (2001The connector of southeastward Asiatic NationsThe Association of southeast Asian Nations set up a ministerial concourse on Tran! snational execration and in a tilt made by that Ministerial group in capital of Thailand on January 8 , 2004 cybercrime was ac companionshipd together with a need to come together on some common ground with a view to regulating and controlling it . Previously in 2003 a treaty with china and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations entitled A curriculum of Action to Implement the formulate Declaration on ASEAN-China strategical Partnership for Peace and successfulness was signed in Bali , Indonesia . The ASEAN-China treaty pledged the following pronounce cooperative and emergency response procedures for purposes of maintaining and enhancing cyber tribute , and preventing and combating cybercrimeIn July 2006 , the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum noted that anti-cybercrime legislation needed contiguous attention as a result of a rapidly growing global headache of act of terrorism and cyber attacks in full general . As a result member states were ur ged to implement anti-cyber laws consistent with existing international instruments and they were withal required to adapt the recommendations set forth in the UN s reticuloendothelial systemolution 55 /63 /2000InterpolInterpol has been actively fighting all levels of schooling technology crime including cybercrime for a number of years by organizing groups of experts in the field called regional working(a) parties The regional working parties consist of computer crime unit experts and are deployed in the Americas , Europe , Asia and Africa . The European working(a) Party branch of Interpol was organize in 1990 and consists of congressmans from a number of European states . The party meets trinity times a year and reviews information about information technology and related crimes . There are several projects under this party that are ongoing among them are current and potential criminal activity and the subject matter for investigating and spotting those crimes Int erpol also uses the information gathered for the purp! ose of preparing effective manuals on investigative techniquesThe African Regional working Party is currently headed by a member of the South African Police operate Cybercrime Unit . The chairman is assisted by a representative from Kenya and a representative from Tanzania and a technical advisor from the University of South Africa They have generally concur to work closely with other Interpol groups in the manduction of information and the investigation of cybercrime .Regional Working Parties in the remaining areas are broadly equal to those found in Africa and Europe with a erratic goal of enhancing cross-b co-operation between law enforcement officialsRecommendationsAs it is the Europe Convention on Cybercrime 2001 is the only international treaty of its gentle on anti-cybercrime laws . Advocates in favor of the convention make out that it is an effective meaning of deterrence since it obviously sends message to cybercriminals that they do not admire impunity . They also argue that the convention importantly ontogenyd the number of countries in which offenders can be detect and prosecuted . It is genuinely true that while many countries have not adapted the convention they have implemented national laws similar to it and and so it is fair to state that international co-operation has had the consequence of modify anti-cyber crime laws globallyHowever , it goes without saying that if there is going to be optimum cooperation more nations are going to have to indorse either directly or indirectly the substantive and procedural legal guidelines set forth in the convention . It appears that those states subscribing to the convention are not in and of themselves publish states since Hackers frequently route cyber attacks through portals in Yemen or due north Korea , incomplete of which are part of the conventionThe outmatch way to combat cybercrime on an international level with a view to capturing offenders in non convention or non compl ying nations is by the passage of an international la! w that binds all sovereign nations In to maintain semipublic leave and confidence in such a powerful instrument it would be necessary to regulate this international instrument to well(p) cybercrimes such as acts of terrorism which could have the potential for prosecution under the internationalist Criminal CourtIn for treaties like the Europe Convention on Cybercrime 2001work at an optimal level of effectiveness the unavowed celestial sphere should become confused . As Jody Westby notes When backstage and public sectors share and coordinate information relating to such crimes , they can each better understand how to respond and mitigate their impactThis method of information sharing is a heart of broadening security measures . Moreover , orphic governances will take to heart as a deterrent principle once cybercriminals are aware that they are at try of being receptive by nonpublic members as well as public authorities . Westby explains that neither government nor the secret sector can address these businesss standing alone . Governments cannot solve the complex and multilayered problem of cyber security and little infrastructure protection without the assistance of offstage presidencysPrivate placements do diarrhoea a vital role in the detection and acerb of cybercrime activity . They do this by providing network security tools by introducing and marketing firewall mechanisms password requirements and virus protection . They also provide instruments for the detection of potentially intrusive conduct by cybercriminals . By using these monitor devices private organizations and undivided users have the value of heightening security . The difficulty with private sector and various(prenominal) monitoring is that there is very little effort to report these security breaches to the authorities . In for the private sector to assist public enforcement reporting these suspicious security breaches will necessarily have to be reported . This is where information sharing will get hold o! f its optimal goal of catching , investigating and prosecuting cybercriminalsRichard Stiennon , Chief research Analyst at garner s IT said in mesh World suggests that the undivided can play a part in controlling cybercrime as well . He notes that there are far too many persons subscribing to fake messages and smooth URL obfuscation , and in an elaborate way crafted weave sites If the someone used more caution this kind of cybercrime would not be as successful and as a result would taper off . Stiennon submits that mortal caution will go a long way provided private organizations improve and outgrowth efforts and funding to study and research effective means of securing data and computers against the risk of cybercrime contamination . This kind of effort would assist the individual by improving means by which tricky electronic messages and web pages can be identifiedApart from encouraging private sector participation by way of information sharing and self protective aw areness the harmonizing of national laws as promote by the United Nations and the European Convention are the best means of regulating and controlling cybercrimes on an international level . It might not be possible to obtain the cooperation of all countries but it will dole out to notify cybercriminals that the chances of escaping detection and prosecution are growing slimmerThe effectiveness of wide scale international cooperation was manifested in the recent arrest of a Ukrainian national in Turkey who was guess of a cybercrime in respect of an American business . Maksym Yastremskiy , a Ukrainian national was pretend of theft of customer records from TJX , a US retailer . washbasin Dunn reports that The TJX breach compromised the customer records of 45 .7 million people , and is believed to have happened through the hacking of open wireless routers at subsidiaries of the companyThis particular case indicates that the net is widening under the auspices of co-operation among authorities on an international levelIn another case ! , the US Department of Justice reported success in a joint investigation between Chinese and US law enforcement authorities in both countries . In an operation knows as spend solstice which commenced in 2005 ended in the arrest of at least 25 persons and the search of seven-fold businesses and residential locations in China . In the United States , the FBI execute at least 24 search and seizure warrants . The summer solstice was described by the FBI as an operation which .encompasses multiple investigations currently being conducted by the FBI in Los Angeles and the MPS , Economic hatred probe Department (ECID , in which criminal organizations responsible for manufacturing and distributing counterfeit software have been identified in both nobble and Shenzhen as were distributors located in the United StatesThe facts reveal that one of the groups was an organization doing business as Ma Ke Pei , a move based company was distributing counterfeit Microsoft software to US c ustomers . In 2003 Ma Ke Pei was indicted in unexampled York for this conduct and fled the jurisdiction . Ma Ke Pei later physicalized in China where its counterfeit gross revenue enhancement continued on an international level . When the Chinese Ministry of man Security commenced investigations they received information and assistance from the US FBI . As a result of this cooperative investigation the counterfeit material was seized and the suspects arrested notwithstanding the global implications and jurisdictional disparitiesMargaret Killerby , Head of Department of abuse of Problems , DGI Council of Europe pointed out the combined efforts necessary for the control and commandment of cybercrime as a means of improving the current global efforts . Her suggestions point to global participation beginning with the individual and stopping point with government involvement and cooperation at all levels . Killerby notes that prevention is gallant but cannot be successful without some means of promoting individual awareness ! of the scope and means of cybercrime . In other verbalize language a knowledgeable individual is an armed individualWith the undeniable knowledge , individuals should be encouraged to work closer with law enforcement . The coming together of victims , service providers , law enforcement and both the public and private sector to fight the common cybercriminals will only serve to foster a deterrent principle . The cyberspace lot for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN ) which coordinates global internet connections can only go so far with the acknowledgment of online criminal conduct . In an effort to heighten security stakeholders of ICANN meet annually . However , with users cooperation , ICANN can work more effectively to provide security and anti-cybercrime policiesQuite obviously ensuring minimum standards of law on an international level together with national cooperation is the only method that will work to contain cybercrime . The knowledge that there are very few saf e havens in a legal and social sense is an i deliberate means of detecting investigating and prosecuting cybercrime . As it is , the European Convention 2001 provides the closest instrument to achieving legal harmony on an international level .

completely that is leftover is for national governments to educate the public and encourage individual and private sector participationConclusionIn an age of information technology the risk of cybercrime is heightened with the increase of globalization . Cybercrime is a criminal activity that crosses bs . The only effective means of addressing this new age challenge is t o implement treaties designed to harmonize laws on an! international level . This is exactly what the European Convention on Cybercrime attempts to do . While it compromises some measure of sovereignty and individual privacy , these losses are offset by the huge financial losses incurred on wide scale levels as a result of cybercrimeCybercriminals function primarily because they have safe havens from which to escape liability . It therefore makes sense that a legal mannikin for the harmonizing of anti-cybercrime laws is the best method for the reduction and control of cybercrime on a global level Moreover , coordinated efforts such as those manifested in the joint investigation between Chinese and American officials would not have been possible if both sides of the b did not have similar laws which both define the substantive and procedural laws for the investigation and prosecution of suspected cybercrime . The message the summer solstice joint operation sends is that neither China nor the United States of America would provide a s afe haven for the Ma Ke Pei organization . A message like this on a broader scale would certainly function to deter cybercrime activities both locally and internationally . Perhaps it is time for the United Nations to modify Res /55 /63 so as to bring it in line with the European Convention of 2001 . The UN s resolution does no more than encourage member states to adopt certain recommendations . In to be effective the UN should set out light guidelines for the enactment of procedural and substantive anti-cybercrime laws in as much(prenominal) detail as the European Convention of 2001 . Moreover it should be mandatory for all Member States to ratify the new and rectify resolution . This kind of binding resolution has the capacity to encapsulated problem states that are not members of the European Council and have no debt instrument to subscribe to its conventionWorks CitedWeb ResourcesAkdeniz , Yaman , Dr (2006 ) An Advocacy Handbook For Non Governmental Organizations : Th e Council of Europe s Cyber-crime Convention 2001 HYP! 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HYPERLINK http /news .com .com /894 .html http /news .com .com /894 .html Viewed August 21 , 2007Brenner , Suzan (June 2001 ) Cybercrime Investigation and Prosecution : The role of Penal and Procedural Law Murdoch University Ele ctronic Journal of Law Vol . 8 No . 2 HYPERLINK http /www .murdoch .edu .au /elaw /issues /v8n2 /brenner82 .html http /www .murdoch .edu .au /elaw /issues /v8n2 /brenner82 .html Viewed August 21 , 2007Brenner , Suzan (June 2001 ) Cybercrime Investigation and Prosecution The quality of Penal and Procedural Law Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law Vol . 8 No . 2 HYPERLINK http /www .murdoch .edu .au /elaw /issues /v8n2 /brenner82 .html http /www .murdoch .edu .au /elaw /issues /v8n2 /brenner82 .html Viewed August 21 , 2007IbidIbidBrenner , Suzan (June 2001 ) Cybercrime Investigation and Prosecution The character reference of Penal and Procedural Law Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law Vol . 8 No . 2 HYPERLINK http /www .murdoch .edu .au /elaw /issues /v8n2 /brenner82 .html http /www .murdoch .edu .au /elaw /issues /v8n2 /brenner82 .html Viewed August 21 , 2007Akdeniz , Yaman , Dr (2006 ) An Advocacy Handbook For Non Governmental Organizations : The Council of Eu rope s Cyber-crime Convention 2001 HYPERLINK http /ww! w .shadowmonkey .net /images /stories /cyber-rights_handbook .pdf http /www .shadowmonkey .net /images /stories /cyber-rights_handbook .pdf viewed August 21 , 2007New , William . Privacy agenda 2002 Has International Flavor National Journal Technology chance(a) . Jan 23 . 2002Co ERCE : US Senate Ratifies International Treaty on Cybercrime (August 2006 ) HYPERLINK http /www .shadowmonkey .net /articles /general /coe-cybercrime .html http /www .shadowmonkey .net /articles /general /coe-cybercrime .html Viewed August 21 , 2007Parliamentary Assembly . Opinion NO . 226 (2001 ) Article 13 . HYPERLINK http /assembly .coe .int /Main .asp ?link http /assembly .coe .int /Document s /AdoptedText /ta01 /eopi226 .htm _ftn1 http /assembly .coe .int /Main .asp ?link http /assembly .coe .int /Documents /AdoptedText /ta01 /eopi226 .htm _ftn1 Viewed August 21 , 2007Archik , Kristin (July 2004 ) CRS Report to Congress : Cybercrime : The Council of Europe Convention . HYPERLINK http /fpc .state .gov /documents /organization /36076 .pdf http /fpc .state .gov /documents /organization /36076 .pdf Viewed August 21 2007The Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention 2001 , part 1 , Title 1Ibid , partition 1 Art . 2Ibid office 1 , Art . 3Ibid , Section 1 , Art . 4Ibid ,Section 1 , Art . 5Ibid , Section 1 , Art . 6The Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention 2001 , Title 2Ibid , Title 2 , Art . 7Ibid , Title 2 , Art .8Ibid , Title 3 , Art . 9Ibid , Title 4 , Art . 10Ibid , Title 5 , Art . 11Ibid , Title 5 , Ari . 12Ibid , Title 5 , Ari . 13 (1 ) and (2Ibid , Section 2 , Title 1 , Article 14Ibid , Section 2 , Title 3 , Article 18Ibid , Section 2 , Title 4 , Article 19The Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention 2001 , Chapter cardinal , Title 3 Article 25Westby , Jody (2003 ) International pass on to Combating Cybercrime American Bar Association .. 14Ibid ,. 41Ibid ,. 41Casey , Eoghan (Ed . Handbook of Computer Crime Investigation . Academic Press (2002 ). 1Westby. 42Richard , Ma rk . Prepared bid of Mark M Richard Counselor for Ju! stice AffairsU .S . Mission to the European Union . Brussels (2005 ) HYPERLINK http /www .justice .gov /criminal /cybercrime /mmrArt29DRstmt041405 .pdf http /www .justice .gov /criminal /cybercrime /mmrArt29DRstmt041405 .pdf Viewed August 22 , 2007United Nations . A /Res /55 /63 /2000 Resolution Adapted by the UN General Assembly . HYPERLINK http /daccessdds .un .org /doc /UNDOC /GEN /N00 /563 /17 /PDF /N0056317 .pdf ?Open Element http /daccessdds .un .org /doc /UNDOC /GEN /N00 /563 /17 /PDF /N0056317 .pdf ?OpenE lement Viewed August 22 , 2007Wegener , Henning . 11th UN Workshop on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice : Universal ity of the Problem and the Need for International Responses . World Federation of Scientists (2005Cybercrime Law (n .d ) The Organization of American States . HYPERLINK http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /oas .html http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /oas .html Viewed August 22 2007Cybercrime Law (n .d ) The Organization of Ame rican States . HYPERLINK http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /oas .html http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /oas .html Viewed August 22 2007IbidCybercrime Law (n .d ) Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation . HYPERLINK http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /apec .html http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /apec .html Viewed August 22 2007IbidIbidCybercrime Law (n .d ) ASEAN Group of States . HYPERLINK http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /asean .html http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /asean .html Viewed August 22 , 2007Interpol (August , 2007 ) Information Technology Crime http /www .interpol .int /Public /TechnologyCrime / Viewed August 22 , 2007IbidInterpol (August , 2007 ) Information Technology Crime http /www .interpol .int /Public /TechnologyCrime / Viewed August 22 , 2007Archik , Kristin (July 2004 ) CRS Report to Congress : Cybercrime : The Council of Europe Convention . HYPERLINK http /fpc .state .gov /documen ts /organization /36076 .pdf http /fpc .state .gov /d! ocuments /organization /36076 .pdf Viewed August 21 2007IbidWestby , Jody (2003 ) International Guide to Combating Cybercrime American Bar Association . Pp 165-166Ibid ,. 66Bunting , Steve and Anson . Steve . Mastering Windows Networks and Forensic Investigation .Indiana : Wiley Publications (2007 ). 220Mandia , Kevin , Prosise , Chris and Page , Matt . Incident Response Computer Forensics . McGraw-Hill (2003 )11Stiennon , Richard . The Economics of Cybercrime Network World Nov . 2006IbidIbidDunn , gutter . Turkish police make arrest in TJX data-breach case Computer World . Aug . 20 , 2007FBI . Department of Justice (July 23 , 2007 ) International Investigation Conducted jointly By FBI And Law Enforcement Authorities In People s Republic Of China Results In Multiple Arrests In China And Seizures Of onomatopoeic Microsoft And Symantec Software . HYPERLINK http /www .cybercrime .gov /summerArrest .htm http /www .cybercrime .gov /summerArrest .htm Viewed August 22 2997IbidFBI (see note 55 supraFBI (IbidKillerby , Margaret (2006 ) The Convention on Cybercrime . HYPERLINK http /www .itu .int /osg /spu /cybersecurity /2006 /presentations /killerby-15 -may-2006 .pdf http /www .itu .int /osg /spu /cybersecurity /2006 /presentations /killerby-15- may-2006 .pdf Viewed August 24 , 2007 ...If you postulate to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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