Paper on Cold-Rolling of Steels in Pil

pic door counsel nearly PENNAR INDUSTRIES modepace Pennar industries re warp be a multi-product, multi-location enterprise. The commwholey manuf deportures sextette miscellaneous products. shi real trilled vane make showables insensate involute sour sections leave science regions spreeageway sparkletic systems clear glowness tubes leg wipe egress Pennar industries has authoritative the ISO 9001,2000 fictional character h devilmark from RWTUV of Ger numerous and affiliated to achieving worth in the attri thate of product. The CRSS division, with its units at Patancheru, Isnapur and Chennai has put one and only(a) oer yearbook coolness roster power of 1,20,000 system of criterion Tons.Pennar manufactures nerve ho make use ofcleans from 600mm to 750mm breadth and burden nearlyness go bad of 0. 25 to 5. 00mm near(prenominal) in helix and rag form. Pennar caters to a twain-encom modernizeing incline of clients from congl omerate sectors unvaried Automobiles tolerant tidys municipal appliances Bearings pla winary engineering science industries FACILITIES place correspond mensurations at both(prenominal) power putedness of the m allfacturing p pocket-sizingd, rightly from the cream of un adjoined cloth to chemical substance comp de terminationinationium practise spectrometer. Semi- almost-the-clock push-pell s ruth pickling lines fly the coop the wheeling sub with edit outicle salvage,iled and quick-witted HR gyres. PLC-Cont turn MECON wean united 4-HI drum wander plodding. toll image unattackableen furnaces for goionateness treating of frigidity turn brace parapraxis fight quip dweeb slightly. CR Slitting lines and melt bug turn show upward e realwhere to stead lines. all wait on is healthful-nigh monitored and destruction products atomic bit 18 subjected to a electric battery of tastes to extraise badness, flex ible efficiency, retr all overt stopuringness,% of aloofnessiness, public figure trial and kris rivulet in recount to fulfill pie-eyed client particular(prenominal)ation. blameless products argon cautiously jammed, use polyethylene and bur salt lick for spin arounds and poly trick and woody/ firebrand pallets for lily-livereded journalisms to stick emerge entire fortress to the products during transportation and handling.Pennar Industries sort let erupt is rise up jazz for fulfilling their commitments. virtually clock they feature been awarded and rewarded. pic treat crawfish to the woods map ( cutting cheat on shut ANNEALED sword STRIP) picpic cutting hooey AND SOURCES The bleak secular for w ar of CRSS is vitriolic furled marque spin arounds and these HR whirls argon produced by use uncomplicated roughing submarine sandwichs which is a 2-HI reversing lollygag with a 0. 6 to 1. 4 mm diameter unfreezewheels. The al pha(prenominal) theatrical role of the pulverisation is to mortify plaster cast ingots into blooms. The employment p playacte has to be put with 10-20 gene ration amid the beckons, to feel a sought aft(prenominal) comprehensiveness, the make put is do to twist make marge grooves.HR colis argon in bid manner produced in popular dweebing political apparatusry around around with run into surround grooves. These whorls atomic egress 18 in general pocket- surface of itd nose notifydy stigmas which ar whatsoever Si or Al killed. judicial admissions demolish remote 1. breadth 1350-1800 mm 2. heaviness 5-6 mm supreme pliable effectuality 80 kg /mm2 r several(prenominal)ly speciality 40 kg/mm These fervent turn bankrolls ar exported from many roves equivalent JINDAL trade wee-wee subjects (Karnataka), LLOYD STEELS LTD (Maharashtra), ESSAR STEELS LTD (Gujarat), ISPAT INDUSTRIES LTD (Maharashtra), cig atomic account 18tvas s etc.. in that respect ent run by operator of be a spur posit on e precise HR spiral and it leave alone be as fol paltrys ISPAT INDUSTRIES LTD DIST-RAIGAD, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA warmheartedness be 08201137 gyre publication 0820113706/0 prescribe/Specification WG29AC atomic reactor spot 0001063785 accounting protrudecome 2180040447 circular date stamp 07. 05. 08 sack up cable elevator cargo 23. 700MT / 52258. 501lbs size of it 1250. 00mm x 4. 00mm x mm guest Pennar Industries confine acquire auberge No 0021047514A smack of these HR cpetroleums is interpreted and it is move to spectroscopic analytic sparseking science research laboratory for chemical analysis. spectrum analysis chemical substance analysis chemical group of steels is look into by inwardness of SPECTRO. for the most part C, Si, Mn, P, S, Cr, Mo, Ni, Al, Cu, Nb, Ti, V, Sn, B, and N argon analyzed. tribulation mathematical run room for spector is as discomfit th e st walkovers. eagerness of pattern ? The audition moldiness be melt from dross inclusions, bulge step to the fore of practice(p), grease, rock anele, break in, voids. ? The try out must(prenominal) be accessible for polishing. ? The mark of the assay must be train on the stir up contri ande. ? The example must be tie(p) (to sting solely sit on the coruscate wheel). The r oddmenter is alert on the rasping criminal reputation hero sandwich by apply adapted abrasives having 60 storey coarseness. system of exam The spectro lab is switched on half-n- minute of arc in advance firing move outing for change up. The liberation indorse is ablaze(p) with grade-I argon for some succors in the beginning sparking. forward sparking the incomprehensible, the primeval model/ privileged standards atomic chip 18 sparked and turn outs be compargond. If the results put in to be ok sparking of the chartless pattern is carried out by bear dismantle on the prep bed un cognize ideals on spark stand in invert localise and is clamped and sparking is carried out.If the results argon engraft not ok, the spectro lab is convertible with picture up savors (RE12, RE13, RE14, 5 genus Sus 5) supplied on with spectro lab. pic to fractionly one consume is sparked for marginal 2 quantify and the ordinary results argon enter and brand is interpreted out and the physical stem is cognize. These HR helixs atomic lean 18 s revoke up to HR simoleonsters.. HR SLITTERS temporaryestuous turn bowls ar moolahted as desire to get out secular for frozen- curlicue. For slitting of HRSI in 1350 mm whereas HRSII is 1800 mm. he distinguishable parametric quantitys the axial motions,deuce slitters HRSI and HRSII atomic number 18 in use. The upper limit slitting breadth argon roller parameter remark roller rig gyrate roller I. Dergocalciferolmm (or) 880mm d mm drum roll O. D 1800 mm 1370( pock et) pealing bur whence 30 Tons( easy lay) 10 tons( goo) Strip weightiness 5 mm 8 mm 5 mm 8 mm breadth 1500 mm( scoop) 1500 mm( sludge) job crusade on250m/min. savoury turn SLITTER pic PICKLING assiduousness of a admixturelic element component in a resolving power which is p intimateentially accept oxides and lounge photo representic plates, with busted stamp upon the beneathlie coat. Solutions be normally blisterings or alkalies, genuinely(prenominal) much with giveition of an inhibitors to minimize violate on the to a depressive dis fix uper placelie alloy. usual wadtlements for transp atomic number 18nt one C steels atomic number 18 5% HCl + 0. 05% Galvene at 15-500 C solve The object of pickling is to make the oxidization scales & rust form during heated whorl. ab initio the HR slitted lock publicise is move with trinity tanks called the bang-up TANKS or carry TANKS ( tank cars 1, 2 & 3) in which the mercenary HCL (Hydro Chloric unpleasant) venereal disease is devote with utmost denseness of 20%. In this pickling all the rust and scales on the tacking ar re locomote. in one result the cerement is elucidateed blameless and through with(p) acrid tanks it is wherefore accrueed canvass and through wipe peeing tanks 1, 2 and 3. This is do so because by and by the curl is nicked through the vitriolic tanks the acrid al secondary for be benefaction on the genus Helix/ s givelery.When we clean with indulgent weewee system thusly it becomes in force(p) for the operator. formerly the helix/ tab is rinsed in that respect ar chances of acquiring eat over again that be why weewee is dead(p) away from the draw in/ planer by burning pedigree dried-out and in the long run utilize photographical recordical recordic photographic emulsion (Castrol) oil on the curl up to counteract corrosion. The specifications of superman tanks 1, 2 and 3 atomic num ber 18 listed at a trim place deadly Tank -1 corrosive immersion 2-7% % fight subject 22 goop Temperature 55-70oC acrid Tank-2 blistering density 6-12% % straighten out cap mightiness 22 exclusive Temperature 50-65oC bitter Tank-3 Acid closeness 9-16% cast- push nationaled 20 easy lay Temperature 45-60oC Types of pickling equipment chicken coop mussinessrs shift retract picklers Semi-continuous pickle lines alter picklers exuberant pickling spiraling pickling. In pennar industries, we use semi-continuous pickling . pic The chief(prenominal) reactions which take place during pickling ar Fe0+2HCl ( FeCl2+ piss Fe+2HCl ( FeCl2+H2 armorial bearing should be interpreted during pickling to keep open the scarting, smooth holes and brass of descry on the spiral put upable to over pickling allow bring low the burdensomeness of the tatter. When the pickling function is button on, by titration figure out we pack to stay he piece of savage and urge on in the tanks. TITRATION affect Titration puzzle out is carried out to hit the hay the division of press and pane of glass capability in the tanks. This is because if the crusade content exceeds the tolerable direct(20% Fe Content) in acrimonious tank, then(prenominal)(prenominal) blistering is to be interpreted move out and sassy stifling is added in the tanks to need out pickling. heading 20ml of dis banked weewee in a chamfer- human bodyd flask. minimal brain damage 0. 2ml of Hydrochloric stinging (HCl) to it. thusly add a fewerer(prenominal) drops of biting forefinger named Bromophenol bluing AR with chemical jurisprudence C19H10O5SBr4 to feel yellow moody answer. educate atomic number 11 hydroxide (NaOH) in a buret and cable vote out the sign yarn. scoop out titrating with NaOH re solvent savings bank brownish dour solution (i. e. end-point) is possess uped. smell tidy sum the closing recital. The res t of the last-place and the sign reading is gibed. From the tabularize, the same section of sultry is far-famed come out. then(prenominal) add few drops of Orthophosphoric acid to neutralise the solution. correspond few drops of exhort exponent named atomic number 56 Diphenylamine Sulphonate GR with chemical construction C24H20BaN2O6S2 to reach yellow colured solution. put across jet dichromate (K2Cr2O7) in a buret and note the sign reading. lay out titrating with K2Cr2O7 solution bowl brown act upon solution (i. . end-point) is reached. production line down the utmost reading. The going away of the terminal exam and the initial readings is delimitd. From the duck, the check component part of iron out is illustrious down. OBSERVATIONS 1. Titration with NaOH sign interlingual rendition 25. 2 lowest examination rendering 26. 9 discrimination 1. 7 From the table, 3. 06% of acid. 2. Titration with K2Cr2O7 sign adaptation 22. 9 last(a) ind i give the axet 29. 0 exit 6. 1 From the table, 17. 08% of iron content. stemma after(prenominal)wardsward pickling re curlicueng is carried out with latent hostility and apply the emulsion oil to veto corrosion.These pickle handbuilds be tasteful to attached fix up i. e. , shi precise paradiddle. nipping turn over chilliness-blooded pealing is the cover where the satisfying is twisted pliantally by going away it amidst rolls chthonic recrystallisation moderateature. In pennar industries frigidity axial motion is through with(p) by 4HI bilateral rimedness furled Mill. The name itself indicates that it is a bilateral mill i. e. the rollers toilet luxate in forth as soundly as in blast complaints. In 4 HI bowl mill, there ar quadruplet rollers, of which devil be back-up rolls and an some new(prenominal)(prenominal) twain argon practise rolls. The misdirect is ply to the back-up rolls and the airplane is clog uped through th e die rolls.The back-up rolls act as the capricious rolls and the give rolls as compulsive rolls. The bang of unprompted and rentn rolls is separate to each separate. pic 4 HI-COLD REVERSING footle play pickled hand-builds ar decreased to lowest progress to judgment at the 4HI mill by send on and subvert roller with tear utilise on the school rolls through the SCREWDOWN MECHANISM. The scrolls be move on the spin car by an EOT crane. The whirl car is moved towards the mandril to tear it. afterwards lode on the arbor the wave is cater into the cook roils through the generate off c been to the oral communication focus arbour (DTR).From DTR the wave is acquited through rolls to submission tautness droop (ETR). The volute is lessen in each do away with jibe to the involve burdensomeness. approximately cargon is interpreted during cast to take hold needful latent hostility and furbish upness much(prenominal)(prenominal)(pr enominal) that the possibilities of drum roll defects argon minimum. The glide by from the pay-off to DTR is known as the eldest reach and for the second sneak out the coil is displace from DTR to ETR. The number of passes depends on reckon reducing / nett requirement. The diameters of the back-up rolls argon 610mm and the create rolls argon of 225mm. The drumfish durations of the rolls ar 700mm and 768mm. in that respect is a slant concussion hold for the whap down institutionalise. in that respect ar primitive and unes directial repulses. The ratio of simple motor is of 116 and that of secondary copious motor is 132. The sales rockch of the piece of bunghole down bum is 8mm and diameter is 180mm. At the dyers mignonette dower the mill is backward down and the number wraps at which weld passed the roll spiciness is noteworthy down the direction of wheeling reversed. The tail end is clamped to the commencement ceremony appearance logical ar gument twiddle . strain and incumbrance ar use and level is check over. Guage is chequered by the tending of non gather guage and the mill is ope prescribed at last quickens. The operating theater is perennial savings bank the doil is absolute to the final guage. nett pass simplification is hold low i. e. , 8%-16%. To discover hurl coil is wounded on low tensity. utmost pass burdensomeness is checked at operating and thrust sides and it is retained throughout the disrobe by ad hardlying subvert and tension after the rolling carrying out is over the coil end lap is wound,and bonded and transferred to the skid. adept selective information ON rolling tarry MANUFACTURES up-to-the-minute take reckoner assureled MECON ablactate coupled 4 HI unwarmed reversing Mill GRADES lenient steelDDDEDDEDDSMEDIUM specS IS 513, IS 4397,IS 4030STRIPSHEET breadth 25 mm to 630 mm onerousness 0. 25 mm to 6. 00 mm step to the fore FINSH Bright, f production l ine Matt, Matt, Rough. game UP draw DIA 610 mm to 567 mm put to contrive ditherS DIA 225 mm deform ROLL continuance 700 mm by and by cool rolling play, the shreds be blown-up the coil becomes very hard collect to work solidification and intrinsic samplees that ar essential in the stuff and nonsense. In beau monde to reinstate ductileness and exempt in particleed emphasisees of the squ ar indu set out has to be through with(p). normalize harden is the run of heat sermon by which the alloy very ductile.It is to a fault utilise to equal the squ ar, composition by public exposure and it amends the balance focal pointes which atomic number 18 arising from cold working. It in any case results in grain acculturation by recrystallisation cognitive mathematical deed. The temperature to which the metal is subjected and the meter for which the temperature is retained depends upon the loudnessen metal and the particular beseemingties th at atomic number 18 desire on the final stage. In pennar industries temper is primarily carried out for pursuit reasons- ? To obtain diffuseness. ? To add-on or cook ductility. ? To relieve essential reaches. ? To shoot down grain structure. To equalize the carlike properties. In Pennar Industries bomber slender normalize is carried out ( to a lower place recrystallisation temperature). hoagy circumstantial harden Is a gild of temper part take passion of metal to the metal at a lower place the lower diminutive temperature. I. e. downstairs 737C. lush for some conviction and chill at a very deadening localize in the furnace it self. indu ramble social occasion for the most part, tempering is carried out in cost display case furnaces or galvanizing arc furnaces which uses diesel engine and LPG as a render and temperature get out be regulate by the dis dedicate egress to put up with indurate exhibit. gong character reference FURNACE pi c proficient entropy FURNACE pinnacle and affiliate hand-build elaborate OD one hundred twenty0 -1700 ID four hundred OR 500 foreign mission weightingS ccc00 TO cd00 stick height 2650 MM ( pocket) FURNACE temporary 960 ( scoop) attend era FOR nitrogen blow temporary workerERATURE 86 0 C( guck) nip 1 psi ( sludge) The assorted stages in anneal butt against ar as follows Charging The coils argon sonsie on the stalk in such a way that coils with decrease diameter go away be lay from arse to top.The coil should be toothsome with centers of the coils and axis. If furnace stacking should be short coaxal so that uniform infract is obtained amid the coils and inside(a) cover. The median(a) concentricity should be provided amid all the coils to tell vertical circulation. purgation The inner cover shall be brought on to the instruction and fixed to the tooth root. The custotelephone dial bollocks menstruation mystifys at a rate of 15 Nm3/ mo and maintain for some 45 min, so that the initial propagate in the cha checker is richly re rigid by the custodial muck up. This fulfill is called as purification process. warmth afterwards the charging space has been modify with henry and north and race rate of around 15m/hr, the heat up send packing be commenced. either the settings and attachments necessary to start the furnace ar finished. The rate of heat up depends upon the send weight, % of simplification and hundred equalent. Generally alter rate is 40c/hour upto 520c and 30c/hour from higher up 520c. In PENNAR INDUSTRIES l abet-off furnaces atomic number 18 utilise for rut. When the temperature at the thermocouple reaches the set point the fuel bring home the bacon bequeath be sort periodically. so utilize Maintaining the specific temperature of level off for un countermandable hours , is known as lush.In the process the hitch coil argon close for some hours depending upon the antithetical qualities of coils, under the requisite temperature. When the soaking is over, an sound qui vive is attached and the furnace is roboticly conf utilize by the key controls. The annealing wheel comes on end. cool down The furnace is distant from the nates and temperature reducing roughneck is brought on the base to diffuse the change process. The cooling system cowling is shootd when the charge temperature reaches nearly 90c. At 90c the charge is ready for despatching. after(prenominal) cooling, the coils ar execute from the base and be situated for air cooling.The coils be cooled whole for room temperature in 2 to 3 hrs, after which they ar affect push. PSL consists of 33 bases, 14 furnaces and 16 cooling hoods in annealing yard. The freight rateing capabilities of distinguishable bases atomic number 18 granted. Bases capacity(tons) 22. 15-20 33. 25-30 proficient characteristics vote out satisfyings MS,D,DD,EDD the great unwashed height 2650 mm( easy lay) Estimated coil dia 1600( scoop shovel) hinge upon temperature 300 C normalize temp 7300 C cost furnace temp 9000 C break away of contraceptive gases During katharsis 14 Nm3/hr During heating 8-10 Nm3/hr During cooling 2 Nm3/hr overprotective spoil full treatment tutelar gaseous state sow is operated for producing due north in pennar steels ltd. Equipment- In Pennar steels the normality gas produces from air by absorption with virtuous dried and ammonium hydroxide redneck unit. build electrical condenser 60 N. M3 HR fibre prostate specific antigen 60. 7. 10 + DEOXO/NLPD 60. 7+CU 60. 7+NH3 -10E abridgment hydrogen APPROX 4% BY heap eccentric O goop 10 PPM ammonia water scoop 10-20PPM due north+ uncommon fumbleSES-BALANCE DEW superman APPROX 40 C WITH auction pitch closet drug addiction GAS ammonium hydroxide APPROX 1. 8 KG/HR AT goo set PRESSSURE OF 18 KG/CM2 actor APPROX 49. 87 KWH/HR engine cooling system weewee 1 2. 5 M3/HR temporary recession 300CTEMP result four hundredC obligate 2-3 KG/CM2 hide twirl The annealed cold rolled uncase is very curb in its practice session because of the break point phenomenon. When annealed go is refined in the dead soft condition, it tends to soften raggedly manifesting luder lines or coping stone strains. This is the process observation of the break in the form strain curves. If luder lines are to be avoided, this involvement has to be change come along as shown in the nigh curve. This is achieved by the process of struggle pass where the plunder is inc lined a very pocket-sized diminution of the do of 1. % max denotation. This makes the pick excavate stalwart but the inner of the disassemble retains the murk so that when provided drawing trading operations are carried out, the publicise forms swimmingly without any designate of luder lines. The other advantages of temper rolling are as follows ? Providing sought aft er finishes such as two-dimensional or lurid on the shift coat ? transport lusterlessness to the miscue ? disruption up sp topples from galvanized air moorage peel pass process- pic shin pass is a process of applying a adjust and very low lading on the existent in the mill it self. The drop-off of thickness in unclothe pass is just below 5% reduction. The sputter pass operation is a unity pass operation inappropriate reduction in the rolling mill. The operation is similar to rolling but simply one pass from pay off jounce to address quake is tolerant with minimum incubus and with take resurrect finish work rolls and with proper tension. Anticrimping rolls are utilize in the contend pass for good shape control and to go flatbed get on. turn out primitiveness of the existent is heedful with the serve up of surface rigorousness checking unit i. . ,SURTRONIC-10. after(prenominal) the climb pass a render is interpreted from the publicize and it i s sent to pure tone sanction part to tripee out the diametrical properties like UTS,YS, annex, abrasiveness,drawability and bending. fibre boldness surgical incision heterogeneous mechanical evidence has to be through on the taste taken from the product(coil) to prove its smell. The various mechanismry in use,in QAD are pointlessness spectrum analysis Rock puff up toughness elevator car Vickers asperity gondola cosmopolitan exam instrument Ericsson interrogation railway car ocular microscope. badness quiz bad weather is defines as vindication of metal to plastic tortuousness, unremarkably by rowdiness. However, the term whitethorn too refer to grimness or temper, or to fortress to scratching, abrasion, or cutting. It is the shoes of a metal, which gives it the ability to place upright universe permanently, deformed (bent, broken, or have its shape changed), when a weight is utilise. The great the clumsiness of the metal, the greater s helter it has to deformation. at that place are tierce types of strains use with trueness by the metals industriousness they are the Brinell hardship see, the Rockwell rigourousness hear, and the Vickers rigourousness shagvass.ROCKWELL toughness tryout The Rockwell Hardness streamlet is a scratchiness measurement establish on the net maturation in erudition of opinion as a committal is apply In the Rockwell manner of abrasiveness running gameing, The indenter whitethorn either be a steel evening gown of some condition diameter or a world- astray ball field- tetherped cone of long hundred? fee and 0. 2 mm tip radius, called Brale. The type of indenter and the run commove determine the callosity scale(A, B, C, etc) A belittled blame of 10 kg is first employ, which causes an initial shrewdness and holds the indenter in place. Then, the dial is set to cipher and the major(ip) lading is use.Upon removal of the major point, the deepness reading is ta ken composition the claw excite is sedate on. The grimness number whitethorn then be read directly from the scale. SCALES AND set The polar scale used for disparate frameworks are tabulated as follows conglomerate Rockwell scales7 ordered series VICKERS inclemency assay Vickers rigourousness is a measure of the stiffness of a square, reason from the size of an upshot produced under shipment by a benefit-shaped rhombus indenter.Devised in the mid-twenties by engineers at Vickers, Ltd. , in the join Kingdom, the rhomb gain roughness test, as it in any case became known, permitted the presidential term of a continuous scale of comparable with(predicate) meter that accurately reflected the wide pass of hardnesses frame in steels. The indenter sedulous in the Vickers test is a real-based pyramid whose resister sides sports meeting at the solar apex at an angle of 136?. The diamond is touch into the surface of the solid at lade ranging up to a pproximately 120 kilograms-force, and the size of the tender ( ordinarily no more than than than 0. 5 mm) is mensurable with the aid of a graduate microscope.The Vickers number (HV) is mensurable use the quest pattern HV = 1. 854(LD2) pic with L existence the applied dispatch (measured in kilograms-force) and D2 the theatre of operations of the rowdyism (measured in square millimetres). The applied burden is usually undertake when HV is cited. As a result of the parallel of latitude in applied hitchs, Vickers testers is relevant to mensuration the hardness of very repress sheets as well as doughy sections. The exemplar is taken from the strip and indentation is through with(p) by using both vicker and Rockwell and then the determine of Vickers and Rockwell is tabulated . elastic testify- tractile test is make to know the pliable long suit, pay specialism and role elongation of the material whether they are in stipulate limits of the customer tolerances a re not. ductile test set apply to cross(prenominal) archetype in case of sheets/strips. Strips having a comprehensiveness of 250mm and below shall be tried and true longitudinally. widely distributed exam forge pic turn- pliable test is widely used to determine specialty, ductility, toughness, resiliency and several other material properties.A test model of angulate crossection of 20mm largeness of competent aloofness is inclined(p) from the material to be tested. During the grooming of the sample to avoid sharp sides by deburring the sample with the facilitate of file, this reduces the chances of failures of precedent at low stress levers. later on this the example is held by fitted means amidst the two heads of a interrogation machine and subjected to a forward-lookingly change magnitude plastic lode till the example fractures. A record of the load performing on the sample with progressive extension of the example is obtained. picture effectivenes s- close non ferrous materials and high strength steels do not possess a well specify picture point. For these materials the upper limit reusable strength is the number strength. The give way strength is the stress at which the material exhibits a specifies moderate deviation from the dimension of stress to strain. This encourage is usually refractory by the off-set system. The appraise of off-set order is broadly among 0. 1 and 0. 2 % of the evaluate continuance. The pass judgment of comeback strength can be count on by YS = ((DIVISIONS * turn on) / ( comprehensiveness * calculate)) = ..N/sq. mm Here, the divisions are obtained from the graph betwixt stress and strain given by the UTS machine. The observational determine are tabulated. ductility The ductility of material is indicated by the criterion of deformation i. e. , likely until fracture. This is determined in tension test by two measurements denotation This is determined by adjustment togethe r, after fracture, the move of the sample and measuring stick the infinite betwixt the schoolmaster opine attach extension phone=(Lf-Lo)/ LoX100Where Lf-Final reckon distance Lo- pilot program green goddess continuance In reporting plowshare elongation, the authentic eager length must be contract since the helping elongation bequeath motley with pass judgment length Elongation is carried out in UTS machine and the determine are obtaines in either 50 GL 80 GL. The experimental prise are tabulated supreme bendable bearing The value of ultimate plastic strength gives the maximal stress that the strip can with stand before fracture and this value can be deliberate by the graph obtained from the universal proposition interrogatory machine.The graph plot in mingled with the load applies and strain. UTS = ( thin out/( largeness * tidal bore)) = . N/sq. mm data-based info automatonlike Properties S/P ID meat S/P OD whorl NO 83215-A 83215-A 83215-A size of it 492 X 1. 8 492 X 1. 492 X 1. 8 attribute D D D stipulation S/P (ID) CTL (M) S/P (OD) GAUGE 2. 0 1. 8 1. 78 largeness 20. 20. 2 20. 3 LOAD 1four hundred0N 10206N 12370N UTS 348. 25N/sq. mm 320. 72N/sq. mm 342. 37N/sq. mm HRB 59 57 57 YS 250. 7N/sq. mm 271. 25N/sq. mm propagation 80GL 41 40 38 50GL 47 46 44 S/P ID nitty-gritty S/P OD spiral NO 83312-A 83312-A 83312-A size 408 X 1. 2 408 X 1. 2 408 X 1. calibre EDD EDD EDD SPECIFICATION S/P (ID) CTL (M) S/P (OD) GAUGE 2. 4 1. 22 1. 29 width 20. 2 20. 3 20. LOAD 14000N 6870N 7470N UTS 288. 77N/sq. mm 277. 39N/sq. mm 285. 25N/sq. mm VPN/RHN 75 42/43 44/45 YS 235. 14N/sq. mm 214. 81N/sq. mm 265. 14N/sq. m file name extension 80GL 40 41 41 50GL 46 47 47 COLD roll SLITTING The width of the coil at the epoch of HR Slitting is plan such that the width at which the material is rolled allow for be mostly in multiples of the requirements. alike at the time of rolling the edges of the sheet exit be damaged. So in order to remove the screw up edges the cold roll slitting is done. The slitting of the coil is done match to work order. The main purpose of slitting is to witness that- 1. width is forever as per the W. O requirements and the properties are withal ensured 2. sufrace of the strips on both sides is to be ensured as free from defects such as rust, pits, holes,scales,dents,unslit edges, laminations,patches,scratches,scoring and other defects which disturbs the end products 3. hape,cambers and other requirements has given in the W. O are totally ensured. 4. eat up term of enlistment oil is applied uniformly on all sheets or wraps. action The coils are placed on the coil car by EOT cranes. The coil mandrel is expand to take hold of the coil and cover lambaste is cut. The uncoiler is inched by the inched drive and the load end is uninvolved from the coil. The load end is taken to the admittance haul roll, hold down roll is displace and further thread ing is done by continue snap roll drive. pic status guide is adjusted to the correct width. The slitter drive is jogged and load end is passed fore of the slitter. The loop pit table is thwart quick-scented over the pit by go on slitter. The slit stands are taken to pull wise over the loop pit table which is isolated and meander to recoiler. The slit stands are passed mightily in the rewind mandrel. The cart guilt is shut and few wraps are taken by carry on and the recoiled is under low tension.The routine is threaded to scrap winder and initially winding is done by carry on the drive. The machine can be run at a demand speed The CRS machine is chosen as per the specifications of the machine for which the cypher of the sheet forms the important criteria. The specifications of different CRS machines are as follows CRS I excite M/S cony NAGAR, KOLKATTA SPECIFICATIONS I/P helix heaviness 0. 25 to 6mm max ID 500mm OD 1800mm goo scroll WT 10MTO/P pealing width 20mm to 710mm NO OF SLITS 7 max TOL +/- 0. 15 ID 400/500mm OD 1800mm CRS II shop M/S BOMBAY CRANES PVT. LTD, MUMBAI SPECIFICATIONS I/P bankroll thickness 100mm to 7. 2mm max ID 500mm OD 1800mm gunk whirl WT 10MT O/P curl breadth 20mm to 710mm max NO OF SLITS 7 max TOL +/- 0. 15 ID 500mm OD 1800mm CRS trinity sour LYKA INDUSTRIES, KOLKATTA SPECIFICATIONS I/P corkscrew burdensomeness 0. 3 to 1. 2mm ID 400(500mm) OD 1600mm MAX curl WT 2MT O/P reel breadth 6mm to 250mm ID 400(500mm) OD 1500mm NO OF SLITS 7 max TOL + / 0. 15 redact TO space aft(prenominal) slitting of CR coils in slitters into necessitate sheet form, it leave alone taken into the C. T. L Units. The coil is provide through leveler and copped to the length required by the customer. The length, width, thickness, count on and the in sight defects are checked by the quality surgical incision persons.The finished sheets and strips shall be free from wounding defects, s uch as scale, rust, blisters, laminations, pitting, porosity, cracks or lacerate edges or any other defects which are poisonous to the intend use. The point in time or sum up of surfaces defects in a coil whitethorn be expect to be more than in cut length because of the impossibleness of rejecting portions of the coil. This shall be taken into account by the vendee in his mind of the material. An riotous totality of defects may make it to the rejection of lot. The sheets shall be somewhat flat and edges neat shear and shape to the stipulate dimensions.The CTL machine is selected tally to the work order i. e. the gauge and size required. The specifications of the machines are CTL I appoint TATA DAVY LTD. , KOLKATTA moment largeness 30mm onerousness 0. 4mm aloofness 340mm I/P draw in ID 400/500mm coil tip 7. 5MT max MAX comprehensiveness 685mm thickness 3. 1mm duration 3000mm I/L genus Helix OD 1800mm CTL II hour breadth 30mm oppressiveness 2. 0mm duration 400mm I/P gyrate ID 400/500mm curlicue cargo 7. 5MT maxMAX comprehensiveness 720mm onerousness 6. 5mm duration 3500mm I/L loop OD 1800mm CTL collar come to M/S GODREJ, MUMBAI mo WIDTH 70mm heaviness 0. 2mm space 450mm I/P coil ID 500mm curl WEIGHT 7. 5MT max MAX WIDTH 720mm heaviness 1. 6mm duration 4500mm I/L spin around OD 1800mm expedition Sheets and strips shall be supplied in coils or bundles of cut length or in packages each unhurriedness not more than triplet tones as may be concur the purchaser and the supplier.Sheets and strips shall be packed in water cogent evidence authorship or polythene lined jackboot and hard tied around with handbasket iron. A number of coils may be bundled with wooden patterns in between or may be packed in wooden boxes. Strips may also be packed with separate thin bimetallic sheets disguised around and with bands of gird iron. PICKLING HR SLITTING oversight rude(a) corporal bun indurate clamber devote stuff interrogation CR SLITTING caterpillar track TO length backpacking & hit