Battle of Midway

The Battle of middle(prenominal), which took place in the Pacific from June 4-7, 1942, is considered to be the almost decisive battle between the American and the Nipponese naval military units during the Second World War. The stunning defeat suffered by the Nipponese Navy forceed to the loss of quartette of its large crew cuts and efficaciously disentangled Japans stranglehold over the Pacific region. This development en adequated the consort Forces to stamp down the initiative in the region ( oceanic historic Center 2005).The close to snipe and capture center(prenominal) was part of the Japanese campaign in the region which started in celestial latitude 1941 with the outbreak of the war in the Pacific, the decide of which was to withdraw American, British, and Dutch territories located in Southeast Asia and the Pacific (Naval Historical Center 2005). Japan first surprised the American Fleet which was stationed at pull together haven on December 7, 1941. Then on Dece mber 10, the Japanese forces occupied Guam. Wake was the next to fall, on December 23, 1941. On February 15, 1942, Singapore overly fell to Japanese hands (Geocities.com). Then the Japanese overly seized Malaysia, the Dutch East Indies, the Philippines, and other groups of islands located in the occidental and central Pacific. It was whole the first microscope stage of the Japanese campaign in Asia and the Pacific and it was easily completed without much opposition from the surprised ally by March 1942 (Naval Historical Center 2005). On January 23, 1942, the game phase of the Japanese campaign was aforethought(ip) by order of the Japanese imperial beard Headquarters. Its objective was to effectively isolate India and Australia from the war.For this phase to be completed, the Japanese forces jut outned to launch offensives aimed at capturing vital bases located in the Solomon Islands and Papua-New Guinea. Their intention was to give these bases to support their excogitatene d campaign against Samoa, Fiji, and New Caledonia. During the first half of March, by and by on successfully de ricketying the northern coast of Papua-New Guinea, the next objective of the Japanese forces was to seize mien Moresby which was nearer Australia, being situated in the southern coast.Their plan was to launch an amphibious assault in order to capture the Port (Naval Historical Center 2005). At the outset, however, phase dickens of the plan of the Japanese Imperial Headquarters which was to occupy the islands of Fiji and Samoa was opposed by the Commander-in-Chief of Japans have Fleet, full admiral Yamamoto Isoruku, who believed that the two islands were non strategic enough to virtuousness Japans attention and resources. Instead of Samoa and Fiji, admiral Yamamoto Isoruku wanted to seize the island of middle(prenominal) located in the Central Pacific.Although the full general supply of the Japanese arm Forces was inclined to decide in his favor, the plan of fe rvour which was rescueed by his staff did not prove plausible enough for the General Staff, thereby eliciting objections from some of its members. Because of these objections, Admiral Yamamoto threatened to resign his commission if his plan was not pass (Microworks. net). However, Yamamotos plan suddenly became acceptable to the General Staff after the Imperial Japanese Navy, whose old task was to protect the rest home Islands, suffered what was considered to be its most humiliating defeat of the war.The date was April 18, 1942 and the occasion was the access on several Japanese cities and towns, including Tokyo and Yokosuka, which was carried out by 18 B-25 Mitchell medium bombers which took off from the U. S. holder Hornet. Although the bombers, which were commanded by Lt. -Col. James H. Doolittle, were not able to inflict considerable damage, the coming left the Japanese in fright of similar occurrences in the prox which might result to the Emperors palace being hit.The invade also demoralized the members of the Japanese Armed Forces. Because of this, Admiral Yamamotos threat of resignation was treated seriously and his plan of access Midway was accepted in full by the General Staff (Microworks. net). Admiral Yamamotos plan, as presented and approved by the Naval General Staff for implementation on whitethorn 5, would involve the strong Combined Fleet. It consisted of seven battleships, ten carriers, some two dozen cruisers, and to a greater extent than than seventy destroyers which, at the time, were distributed among sestet withers.According to Yamamotos plan, he would lead the chief(prenominal) body of the force which would consist of three of Japans most powerful battleships the Nagato, Yamato, and Mutsu. Hosho, a light carrier with eight attack categorics on board for anti-submarine duties, would be supporting the three battleships. Several destroyers would serve as a screening force for the main body (Microworks. net). The second fr action would be the Aleutians Strike Force under Vice-Admiral Hosogaya Moshiro. It was composed of the light carrier Ryujo and Junyo, a cruise liner which was converted into a carrier.This force, which also include the battleships Hyuga, Yamashiro, Fuso, and Ise, would be protected by a number of destroyers and cruisers. Another fixings of the Combined Fleet, the Second Fleet, was commanded by Admiral Kondo Nobutake. Aside from the battleships Haruna and Kongo, Admiral Kondo Nobutake, whose primary responsibility was to provide protection for Rear-Admiral Tanaka Raizos Invasion Force, also had at his disposal the light carrier Zuiho and a outsized complement of cruisers and destroyers (Microworks. net).The superbia of the Combined Fleet was, however, Vice-Admiral Nagumo Chuichis First Air Fleet. According to historians, this fleet was already known to sow fear among the enemy ranks because of its role in the attack of Pearl Harbor and in every major(ip) operating theatre since demeanoured by the Japanese Navy. This imposing force consisted of two heavy cruisers, two battleships, and a squadron of destroyers (Microworks. net). However, what really made this fleet a force to fancy with were the Japanese Navys sextet heavy carriers, namely Akagi, Soryu, Kaga, Hiryu, Zuikaku, and Shokaku.For this bad-tempered mission, however, the carriers Zuikaky and Shokaku could not participate in the action because of the heavy damage which they suffered during the anterior Battle of the Coral Sea (Geocities. com). The plan called for a diversionary attack against the Dutch Harbor facilities of the United States Navy in the Aleutian Islands so that the American forces, especially their carriers, would be forced to leave the vicinity of Midway in order to defend Alaska.This diversionary attack would be conducted by the Aleutians Strike Force under Vice-Admiral Hosogaya Moshiro. After luring the Americans away, the planes from the carriers of the Combined Fleet would c onduct an air strike against the American defenses in Midway. At the same time, the forces of the Combined Fleet would prepare to ambush the American ships once they go patronage to defend Midway. After sinking the American ships, the Japanese, using their seaplanes, would immediately occupy some parts of Aleutian Islands such as Kiska and Attu, including Kure Island, and Midway itself.Admiral Yamamoto also wanted to decimate the American naval forces by putting in place a submarine cordon near the islands of Hawaii so that a weaker American fleet would make contact with his main body. This plan was approved by the Naval General Staff under the leadership of Admiral Nagano (Microworks. net). Historical observers, however, noted two significant defects in Admiral Yamamotos plan. The first defect was his failure to appreciate the true worth of the aircraft carrier in the conduct of naval operations.He did not realize that his carriers could be devastate without getting dangerously near the enemy ships by simply dispatching their aircraft complement. Since he was not convinced of the carriers importance, Yamamoto considered his battleships to be more worthy than the carriers relegating the latter to a supporting status. In addition, because of the slowness of his big battleships, the other ships which composed the Combined Fleet were forced to keep pace, effectively affecting their maneuverability (History Learning Site 2009).The other, more significant and consequently more fatal, defect of Yamamotos plan was the fact that his diversionary attack against the American facilities in the Aleutian islands was bound to fail because the Americans were already assured of it and in fact, knew that his real objective was Midway. Because of this knowledge, American ships were not lured to the defense of Alaska and kind of waited to ambush Admiral Yamamotos fleet (History Learning Site 2009).The Americans knew of Yamamotos plan to attack Midway through two naval d iscussion stations. One was operating out of Melbourne, Australia while the other was based at Pearl Harbor. These intelligence facilities were able to intercept radio communications which helped them not only to pinpoint the locations of the major fleets of the Japanese navy but also to study their operational patterns. Based on these, the Americans were able to predict the future operations of the Japanese forces (Naval Historical Center 2005).As early as May 25, the Americans were already aware of Yamamotos intentions and prepared accordingly. Their three carriers which were at sea at the time were immediately ordered to return to Pearl Harbor. The carriers USS Hornet and USS opening move which comprised caper Force 16 (TF 16) arrived on May 26. USS Enterprise of Task Force 17, on the other hand, came back on May 27. However, since it suffered major damage during the Battle of the Coral Sea, USS Yorktown had to undergo urgent renovate to prepare it for another battle.The repa ir that was supposed to be completed in three months was rushed in only three days to alter the carrier to participate in the Battle of Midway (Geocities. com). Meanwhile, over in Midway, the Americans scrambled to strengthen their defenses. Six brand-new Avenger torpedo planes which disoriented their mother carrier (USS Hornet) were deployed to Midway. Then seven F4F-3 and another twenty F2A-3 naval fighter planes were also added to Midway defense, in addition to 27 dive-bombers, 23 array bomber planes, and 32 reconnaissance planes (Geocities.com). On May 29, TF 16 under the overall command of Rear Admiral Raymond Spruance sailed out of Pearl Harbor to prepare for the battle. It was composed of the carriers Enterprise and Hornet, with a screening force composed of four heavy cruisers (Minneapolis, Pensacola, New Orleans, and Northampton), two light cruisers (Vincennes and Atlanta), and a thoroughgoing of nine destroyers. On the other hand, TF 17, which was under the command of Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, was not able to sail until after the outcome of the repair of USS Yorktown on May 30.The screening force of TF 17 was composed of Portland, which was a heavy cruiser, a light cruiser (Astoria), and six destroyers. The mission of TFs 16 and 17 was to lie in wait for the Japanese naval fleet (Geocities. com). The diversionary attack on Dutch Harbor was launched by the Aleutians Strike Force under Vice-Admiral Hosogaya Moshiro at 0243 mos on June 3. The attacking force consisted of a total of 35 planes twelve dive-bombers and six adjust fighter planes from the light carrier Junyo and eleven torpedo bombers and six slide fastener fighters from the light carrier Ryujo.Although the Americans defended with heavy anti-aircraft fire, the Japanese attackers were able to kill more than twenty American sailors and soldiers in the course of shooting up their army barracks, a radio station, and a tank farm. The Aleutians Strike Force, however, did not comply in its actual mission which was to lure the American naval forces present in the area away from Midway. What happened was that one Zero fighter plane which made an emergency landing was later recovered by Americans who later discovered the one weakness of the plane a very light armor protection. This weakness was later exploited by the Americans to defeat the Zeros which precedent terrorized the skies over the Pacific (Geocities. com). Meanwhile, the attack on Midway took place early morning of June 4 the first day of the Battle of Midway. A total of 108 planes took part in the first attack. Thirty-six were fighter planes (nine each from the four carriers) while the remaining 72 were bombers. The other Japanese bombers were kept in reserve in the four carriers just in case a second attack would be needed or if American ships showed up.While the attack on Midway was ongoing, the Japanese fleet also dispatched three reconnaissance planes to search around in case American naval fleets s howed up to intervene. At almost the same time, the American defenders in Midway launched six Wildcat fighters to patrol the skies and 11 reconnaissance planes to search for the Japanese fleet. two of the reconnaissance planes of the Americans spotted the Japanese fleet at around 0530 hours and 0552 hours, respectively. By 0600 hours, Midway dispatched all of its bombers to launch an attack against the Japanese carriers.The Americans, however, were almost decimate by the anti-aircraft guns of the carriers and the more superior Zero fighters of the Japanese (Geocities. com). In the end, the Americans were aid by their more superior intelligence. While the Japanese reconnaissance planes eventually spotted the American fleet, they were not able to identify the kinds of ships composing the American fleet. In other words, the Japanese commanders did not know whether carriers were part of them. In contrast, the Americans knew with certainty that the four heavy carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy were in the Japanese fleet.In the final analysis, the defeat of the Japanese came as a result of their indecision whether to arm their planes with bombs for the Midway attack or torpedoes needed to attack the American ships, especially their carriers (Geocities. com). In the absence of an intelligence regarding the composition of the American fleet, Vice-Admiral Nagumo Chuichi, the commander of the First Air Fleet, decided to load his planes with bombs so that the second attack on Midway could be launched. He thought that if the American fleet did not have any carrier with it, the attack on Midway should take precedence.When the report from their reconnaissance planes came in at 0820 hour stating that the American fleet included a carrier, Vice-Admiral Nagumo Chuichi changed his decision and ordered that the bombs be replaced with torpedoes so that an attack against the American fleet could be launched. Unfortunately, he could not immediately dispatch his planes becau se he still had to wait for the planes from the Midway attack to return safely to the carriers, otherwise all the returning planes would have to coldcock because they could not land on the carriers.This moment of confusion left the Japanese fleet without any aerial defense and allowed the Americans to attack the Japanese carriers. In the end, all four heavy carriers of the Japanese were sunk, while the Americans muzzy only USS Yorktown. The Japanese never recovered from their loss in the Battle of Midway after which, they lost the supremacy that they were enjoying in the Pacific and ultimately lost the Pacific War (Geocities. com). Bibliography Geocities. com. The Battle of Midway. http//www.geocities. com/Athens/Rhodes/8384/midway. html (accessed April 15, 2009). Microworks. net. Stopping the scend The Battle of Midway, 4-6 June 1942. http//www. microworks. net/PACIFIC/battles/midway. htm (accessed April 15, 2009). Naval Historical Center. 2005. Battle of Midway 4-7 June 1942. http//www. history. navy. mil/faqs/faq81-1. htm (accessed April 15, 2009). Trueman, Chris. 2009. Battle of Midway. http//www. historylearningsite. co. uk/battle_of_midway. htm (accessed April 15, 2009).